Drug Monitoring Program

While the war on drugs has seemingly gotten better, there is a certain type of drug that is becoming increasingly difficult to keep track of and control. Most people would have never thought that pharmaceutical drugs would be the cause of more deaths in the state of Florida than heroin and cocaine related deaths combined in 2007. Nearly 550 of those death happened in the Tampa Bay area, leading this to becoming one of the biggest drug abuse crisis in quite some time. A drug monitoring program would be such a program that keeps track of the dispensing of pharmaceuticals, mainly controlled substances, that would potentially disable distribution of street drugs, put a halt to â€Å"doctor shopping†, put doctors that write fake scripts under the radar, hopefully reduce the amount of people that become dependent upon narcotics and diminish the number of people of overdosing on these lethal prescription drugs. A study was conducted by an independent contractor to assess the proficiency of drug monitoring programs. The research showed that in states where a drug program was in place the supply of illegally obtained pharmaceuticals and the likelihood of abuse was significantly reduced. The study also showed that if law enforcement, rather than health oriented officials, were the ones to monitor the information there was a greater chance of success in reducing pharmaceutical abuse. Florida is currently one of the only states that does not have a drug monitoring program in place. For years, lawmakers in Florida have turned down such programs saying cost and privacy as their main concerns. Even the federal government has offered the state money, many states have already bought in; however, Florida has not. Some lawmakers state â€Å"programs are too expensive† and worry about â€Å"placing private patient information in the hands of the government† (Tisch, & VanSickle, 2008). Thirty four other states, however, do have programs in place. Surrounding states such as: Alabama, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas all have drug monitoring programs. Kentucky's KASPER program â€Å"started in 1999 as a fax-based system and in 2005 was converted to the first self-service, Web-based system of its kind. It tracks all schedule II-IV controlled substance prescriptions dispensed by licensed pharmacists within the commonwealth and helps medical practitioners physicians, pharmacists and law enforcement fight â€Å"doctor shopping.† A KASPER report shows all scheduled prescriptions for an individual over a specified time period, the prescriber and the dispenser† (KASPER grant release, 2008). Additionally, Indiana's INSPECT program require licensed pharmacies in Indiana are required to report dispension of schedule II controlled substances. In early 2004, grant funding through the Harold Rogers grant program, helped create INSPECT in its current form. Additional funding for the programs is provided by the state itself and all data collection and maintenance are handled in-house, meaning information is only accessible to registered users and through a secure Web site connection that is run by program staff. With the death toll rising, along with the number of those addicted, it would be impossible for me as a member of the health care community to deny the obvious need for a drug monitoring program in Florida. Before reading the plethora of articles available on the subject, I knew there was a problem; I suppose I just wasn't aware of how severe it really was. I am shocked it has gotten to the point it has without intervention and to be honest a bit embarrassed of the burden we have become to surrounding states. I don't have experience dealing with pharmaceutical abuse in my nursing practice as of yet. I do, unfortunately, have experience dealing with the all too commonly abused oxycodone in interpersonal relationships. I have seen the damage it can do to people firsthand. The way it can slowly steal someone you love, replacing them with someone you don't know at all. These drugs can have incredible therapeutic benefits if used in the context intended, but are too often used for reasons far beyond detrimental. I truly hope the information I have learned doesn't ever make me doubt anyone who says they are in pain, but I can't see how it won't. I will not, however, deny anyone in my care pain relief if they say they need it.

Communication Case Essay

Ethics Case 4-7 – Income Statement Presentation of Unusual Loss Requirement The Cranor Corporation suffered $10 million in expenses linked to a product recall. The company had endured product recalls in the past and they still occur in the business. To show revenue from continuing operations, Jim Dietz, the controller, wishes to describe the $10 million as an extraordinary loss, instead of an expense included in operating income. He states to the CEO that the company has never had a product recall of this size and that the corporation fixed the design flaw and improved quality control. The drawback is, in order for Jim to categorize the loss as an extraordinary item, he must view that the losses in the company’s financial statements are infrequent and unusual. He must also presume this event is not likely to occur again in the future profitability. (Spiceland, Sepe, & Nelson, 2013, p. 188) The Journal of Accountancy states that extraordinary items are gains and losses that are material, and result from events that are both unusual and infrequent. (Ext raordinary Items Share Exclusive Company , 2013) These criteria must be considered in light of the environment in which the entity operates. There obviously is a considerable degree of subjectivity involved in the determination. The concepts of unusual and infrequent require judgment. In making these judgments, an accountant should keep in mind the overall objective of the income statement. The key question is how the event relates to a firm’s future profitability. If it is judged that the event, because of its unusual nature and infrequency of occurrence, is not likely to occur again, separate reporting as an extraordinary item is warranted. The ethical dilemma faced by Jim Dietz and the company’s chief executive officer is that it appears from the facts of the case that it would be difficult for the company to come to the conclusion that a material product recall is not likely to occur again in the foreseeable future. This type of event has occurred before and is common in the industry. While a subjective judgment, extraordinary treatment of the $10 million does not appear warranted. Is the obligation of Jim and the CEO to maximize income from continuing operations, the company’s position on the stock market and management bonuses stronger than their obligation to fairly present  accounting information to the users of financial statements? If they decide to go with Jim’s suggestion, it would be misleading to the shareholders and creditors about the lost suffered. The misrepresenting of the stakeholders and money market would be sinful and display wickedness, while if the corporation is straightfor ward with the market and shareholders it will demonstrate moral values and show that the corporation is working in the best interest of the investors by not misleading them when it comes to losses. In Exodus 23:1-2 it speaks about bearing a false report. The New International Version states: â€Å"Do not spread false reports. Do not help a guilty person by being a malicious witness. Do not follow the crowd in doing wrong.† With Jim and the CEO being in a management position, they are required to perform many activities in running the entity in the best interest of stakeholders. Their duties include leading and directing an entity, including making important decisions concerning the acquisition, deployment and control of human financial, physical and intangible resources. They are supposed to take the charge for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance to the accounting policies. (Handbook of the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, 2013) I think the Cranor Company should include the loss in their net income and continue with the product recall. Including the loss in their net income will show honesty to its stakeholders. They may not receive a bonus, but it is better for them to be honest than risk the consequences of lying about the loss. Leviticus 19:11 says, â€Å"Do not steal. Do not lie. Do not deceive one another. (The Quest Study Bible, New International Version, 1994) By seeing the scripture we can detect how this relates to accounting ethics. Leviticus 19:11 explains that that we are not to steal, and ultimately mislead others. When we associate this verse to this ethical dilemma it would describe Jim Dietz and the company chief executive officer of deceiving the stock market into thinking that the loss was truly an extraordinary item on income statement when in reality, they are misleading them to get a bonus. References The Quest Study Bible, New International Version. (1994). Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House. Extraordinary Items Share Exclusive Company . (2013, September 3). Retrieved from Journal of Accountancy: http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2007/May/ExtraordinaryItemsShareExclusiveCompany.htm Handbook of the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. (2013). New York: International Federation of Accountants. Spiceland, D., Sepe, J., & Nelson, M. (2013). Intermediate Accounting (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Building Owners and Managers Association

Grade A building as standardized by Building Owners and managers Association (BOMA) is addressed to buildings having finishes of top quality standard, exceptional accessibility, state of the art systems as well as concrete presence of market. Grade A building has top-notch features like impressive architectural design, interior decorations and innovative design. Grade A buildings are maintained by trustworthy panies having prestigious area of city and goof reputation. The current report provides a brief for investigating regarding constituents of ‘Grade A specification’ examining issues and evaluating international literature/guidance, local practice, criteria for determining ‘Grade A specification’ class with particular reference to electrical and mechanical provision of services. Case studies are also provided to support arguments and r mendations have been provided in the current report. The aesthetics, age, features and infrastructures usually classify specifications of the buildings. This system of classifying buildings were created for surveyors and agents of real estate for justifying office space price as well as prepare information of market and survey buildings. According to the Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA), grade A building has finishes of high quality standards, state of the art systems, definitive market presence and top class accessibility. Office spaces that has highest quality standard belong to Grade A office building with updated and advanced features. Grade A office buildings are usually maintained by panies having trustworthy management system and are aesthetically appreciable. Generally, Grade A office buildings have special construction features like raised floors, lifts, suspended ceilings, air conditioning and other state of the art facilities and features. These offices are highly furnished with marbles, tiles, mahogany finishes and glass lobbies. These office buildings depicts symbol of luxury, elegance and sophistication. Another easy way to determine whether a building is of Grade A specification is by the height of building. Usually Grade A buildings have large dimensions, high ceilings and are usually skyscrapers. As per guidelines by British council of offices (BCO), a grade A office should have a workplace density of 8 – 13 m 2 with around 6 m 2 means of escape. Approximately 10 – 12 m 2 of core elements are present in such buildings. On floor services constitutes around 8 – 10 m 2 of area. Floor plate efficiency of low-rise buildings is around 80 – 85 %. For deep plan, window-to-window depth is of 15 – 21 m and window to core is around 6 – 12 m. In case of shallow plans, window-to-window is around 12 – 15 m and window to core is around 6 – 7.5 m. Floor to ceiling height is around 2.6 – 2.75 m with around 2.45 m refurbishment.   The planning grids is around 1.5 m by 1.5 m with a column grid of 7.5 m, 9 m, 12 m and 15 m. Around 10 m 2 of male to female ratio is around 60% by 60% toilet provision. Performance requirements for lift should be about 80% with less than 25 seconds of waiting time and up to 12% handling capacity l ess than 90 seconds of time for destination. Approximately 150 mm overall raised floors with typical floor refurbishment of 100 mm and trading floors of around 300 – 500 mm is required top classify the building as Grade A office (Bco.org.uk 2017). Finished floor to underside of ceiling Less than 90 seconds (Till 15th floors) Table 1: Grade Aoffice specification as per BCO The Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) is a professional organization for US and Canada based mercial real estate professionals that provides specification for office. BOMA has defined grade A buildings as the most high quality buildings that are used for peting executive and top class office users with building rents more than average of the area. The buildings have top quality standard finish, systems that are state of the art as well as top notch accessibility, which is extremely efficient as well as presence of a definitive market. Visually attractive facades, attractive finishing. Class A buildings are described as the most premium buildings at best locations Advanced designing methods with updated and current standards, very well maintained with updated security. Building is generally situated in CBD and identifiable location with convenient access. Class A buildings use classic design methods especially with concrete and steel structure. Superior interior quality as well as exterior quality finishes is used for curtain walls including elevators and washrooms. Top quality management practices are present with enhanced services and security, HVAC, maintenance, quality and environmental management. Class A buildings contain systems meeting industry standards with automated electrical, mechanical, safety and security systems as well as electrical systems. The backup power system is also available in these buildings. Class A buildings hold at least one environmental certification such as BOMA 3 or 4 LEED that is responsible for sustainable practices in place. Call systems that include maximum response time, security, maintenance, tenant coordination and administration as well. Additional services are also present such as fitness centers, conference centers, cafeteria and food courts as well as restaurants, dry cleaning services, ATM and Wi-Fi services. Table 2: Grade Aoffice specification as per BOMA Office market performance in Dublin Ireland is approximately 2866787 sq. ft. The vacancy rate being 7.8% and a prime rent of 55-60 Euros per sq. ft., market performance is quite good in Dublin. The stock under construction is around 3099789 sq. ft. Currently Grade A buildings that are pleted and available in Dublin is around 80000 sq. feet with nothing larger than 60000 sq. ft in the city centre. 3.7% of the vacant stock is only available through lease currently. Specifications of the building is governed by BREEAM standard with building life of 15 years for air handling units, 20 years for chillers, 20 years for boilers, 20 years for pump sets, 15 years for pressurization units. 20 years for humidifiers, 20 years for control panels, 15 years for luminaries, 15 years for chilled beam units and lifts for 20 years are also governed. Office depths for ground to fourth floor is around 13.85m and fifth to sixth floor is around 12.4m. The 4th to 6th floor should have a clear floor to ceiling cover of 2900-millimeter cover. Import floor loadings should be around 2.5 kilo Newton per meter square. Raised floor building service suspended ceiling loading should be around 0.85-kilo Newton per meter square glazing in doors and windows should be double glazed sealed clear glass. U value should be as per building regulations. The basis of a small overloading will be around 25 Watt per meter square. The basis of gain of heat for lighting will be a maximum of 12 watt per meter square. Electrical Engineering Services will also be a basis for the design of the following elements with office mechanical lighting of 10 watt per meter square, general lighting of 1 watt per meter square. Small power for mechanical services engineering should be in watt per meter square and mechanical services for general should be around 60 watt per meter square. The lifts should be consuming 5 watt per meter square in a little space of 151 per meter square. Fire alarm system should be design as per BS standard 589 types 2.9 with open call analogue system that is addressed. It should be manageable form a ground floor central control panel through interface. The security system should be accessed via proximity sensor card that covers main entrances and floors of property owner areas. Intruder alarm is present in each floor and a vi deo inte system on maintaining a munication between grounds for reception individual. Lighting levels in the plant should be around 200 lux and lighting to the office area should be around 350 lux. Maintained in average with the open plan the overall uniformity ratio of around 0.8 at the defined task area or at desk height should be incorporated. Simple systems of automated lighting should be provided in accordance with BREEM, ADL and CRCEES (Jll.ie 2017). Mechanical services provided consists of the imposed floor loadings should be approximately of 2.5 kN/m 2 , demountable partitions supernumerary to the above loadings are 1 kN/m 2 .   The raised floors, services of buildings with suspended ceiling loads are around 0.85 kN/m 2 .   The curtain wall system consists of opaque as well as clear glazing to the main entrances as well as feature stairs. The flat rain screens panels of rear of the stair cores and main cores are included as well as perforated metal screenings are louvers towards the plant roof. The aluminum window systems need to be coated with thermally broken frames of polyester power coating. The total insulation U value is according to the current regulations of building. Glazing is of double glazed type and lifts provided consists of 2 x 12 person lifts that serves basement to sixth floor and ground to sixth floor. The stainless steel coverings of the door consist of 900 mm wide openings framing system. There needs to be a 100mm overall raised system of flooring of medium grade for providing nominal zone of approximately 70mm clear void through use of 600 x 600 mm encapsulated panel with system of adjustable steel pedestal. The ceiling metal tile system needs to be around 150 and 330 micro perforated. External conditions of the dry bulb summer to be around 29 0 C, wet bulb summer to be around 19 0 C, dry bulb winter to be around -4 0 C and wet bulb winter to be around -5 0 C. The heating systems needs to be conditioned according to constant active multi service chilled beams volume that is suspended directly to the soffit for giving clear minimum ceiling height of 2650 mm AFFL cooling and heating demand through air sensors that is located at occupied space. The three-park place of Dublin Ireland is a Grade A building used for office purpose. The building is ideal as office location as it helps in maintaining a proper work life balance. The concert venues, galleries, museums, colleges, universities and museums are in close proximity of the building. It has a substructure specification that includes ground floor slab of 320-millimeter thickness reinforced concrete floor slabs. The structural flat slab in situ concrete thickness is 324 mm. External walls have a high quality double glazed proprietary system of curtain walling having a silicone external frameless joint as well as pacified glass insulated spandrel panels for elevations to hatch street. Three-park place in Dublin has met the specifications and criteria of being a Grade A office building as it has highly efficient as well as flexible floor plates. The reception is impressive and has double height. It is targeted by LEED platinum and the reception, toilet, shower facilities and lobby is finished as per highest corporate standard. The building has excellent shower and bike facilities, natural lighting for floor, standby generators, efficient LED PIR lighting, raised access floors, 4 pipe air conditioning systems with blank thermal storage bank is present with a total occupancy density of 1.7 m 2 . There are six high-speed 17 passenger lifts with efficient rainwater harvesting system. The raised access floor has a void of around 200mm. The total suspended ceiling has a void of 400 mm. The total floor to ceiling height is around 2.83 m.   Ã‚   It can be concluded that Grade A office buildings maintain quality standards of buildings that provides the user with fort as well as energy efficiency. Further it is also seen that Grade A office buildings have excellent mechanical as well as electrical properties. Advanced designing methods with updated and current standards, very well maintained with updated security is used in grade A office buildings. Class A buildings also use classic design methods especially with concrete and steel structure. Superior interior quality as well as exterior quality finishes is used for curtain walls including elevators and washrooms. Office market performance in Dublin Ireland is approximately 2866787 sq. ft with a vacancy rate being 7.8% and a prime rent of 55-60 Euro per sq. ft, grade A office buildings have a strong hold in Dublin, Ireland. Electrical Engineering Services is based for the design of the following elements with office mechanical lighting of around 10 watt per meter square and g eneral lighting of 1 watt per meter square. It is r mended that Grade A office buildings should ply with BREEM standards and energy efficiency. Further, the electrical equipments should also be ensured to be energy efficient. The office buildings should also incorporate renewal of office wastes and keep recycling process available. Sustainability within the building should be maintained suing lean approach and further improvements of the building should also be incorporated such as introduction of cloud based IOT within different building ponents like video inte and CCTV cameras. Bco.org.uk, 2017, British Council of Offices [online], Available at: https://www.bco.org.uk/ [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017] Jll.ie, 2017, 2016 Dublin Office Market Outlook [online], Available at: https://www.jll.ie/ireland/en-ie/Research/JLL%20Dublin%20Office%20Market%20Review%20and%20Outlook%202016.pdf?fb56ea68-273e-43f7-b8b1-62d6178406c1 [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017]

Book Review on Tipping Point by Malcomb Gladwell Essay

Book Review on Tipping Point by Malcomb Gladwell - Essay Example Prior to the book by Gladwell, the said process can be considered to occur on the basis uncontrolled factors. For that matter, the study of such events though can be considered of interest is merely accepted as inevitable and a common occurrence (Gladwell, 2000). The Tipping Point then can be considered as an important presentation of the idea explaining the phenomenon of having trends that cover a multidisciplinary area extending from public health to marketing. The term tipping point can be defined as the point wherein the different requirements to achieve exponential popularity can be achieved. The different factors that are related to the said process are the main concept captured in the book (Gladwell, 2000). Based on the book, there are different important concepts that are presented. Basically, the said factors are considered essential and fundamental in the achievement of the tipping point and success in terms for the introduction and popularity of a concept or a product. The said factors are referred to as the Law of the Few, the Stickiness Factor, and the Power of Context comprise the majority of the book. These factors are referred to as the Rules of Epidemics (Gladwell, 2000). The main points presented by the book revolve around the said concepts which can be considered to explain the trends and popularity achieved by certain products and concepts. In addition, important ways and methods to be able to achieve the said success are given. It is based on the presented slogan of the book that little things can make a big difference. This can means that the little actions undertaken by people can affect others exponentially (Gladwell, 2000). Based on the study undertaken on the book, it can be considered that the ideas that the author presented are simple yet considerably accurate. Specifically, the effects of the said paradigms can had been extensively explained by Gladwell

Core Competence of Sharp Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Core Competence of Sharp Corporation - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that there were abundant literatures providing theoretical and empirical support justifying that competitive advantage is derived from imperfectly tradable, imperfectly substitutable and valuable assets. The idea of portfolio approach encouraging diversification into unrelated areas that flourished in 1960s and 1970s lost its fervor to RBV approach advocating diversification into related areas. RBV approach also was critical of multi divisonalisation of a large company that led to corporate fragmentation and short-termism undermining the development of core competencies and innovations. Core competency exploitation led to vertical integration in large companies to achieve competitive advantage. But of late vertical disintegration is being attempted in the globalization tendencies which offer wide opportunities to delegate to external suppliers with highly specialized expertise resulting in more pronounced core competency approach for the given company. As the paper highlights Hammel and Prahalad in their book â€Å"Competing for the future†assert that companies should look forward to the share of future opportunity share rather than current market share. They say that successful enterprises will reshape their industries rather than themselves by building upon their unique core competencies without building upon current product lines and that this will lead to creation of new competencies. They advocate new strategy which requires four approaches namelyunderstanding of the shape of future competition; process by which to gauge tomorrow’s opportunities; energizing the company from top-to-bottom to prepare for the future; and   overtaking the competitors and arrive at the future first without assuming undue risks.  

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Nursing - Essay Example Notably, nurses should clearly understand the procedure in which information is processed in the health care organization through getting training in the field of informatics. According to the tertiary education systems, an individual can obtain a Bachelor of Science in Nursing after a four-year period of study. After completing this program, they undertake the NCLEX-RN test. When they successfully complete this licensure examination, then they are identified as a registered nurse. After obtaining the degree in nursing, they are also required to have a similar degree in computer science or informatics which takes a period of at least three years. When they are through with the Master’s degree in informatics, then, they are identified as informatics nurses. In conclusion, this discipline is regarded as one of the most recent in the nursing profession. There are various issues that are more emphasized than others in this discipline. For example, the staff members are mainly involved in the implementation of plans that are aimed at digitizing patient records. This means that the staff members are supposed to analyze the efficiency of the computing methods. Furthermore, the informatics nurses can also take part in advertising and demonstrating of computerized systems in health care institutions. The informatics nurses are mainly involved in the programming aspects of the health care organization. For instance, the staff members can integrate their ideas to develop a program for nurses.

Critically assess how international investment law should be modified Essay

Critically assess how international investment law should be modified to address the growth of foreign direct investment from em - Essay Example The trend indicates an increase in FDI outflows from emerging markets. During the 1980s, FDI outflows from emerging markets were approximately US$50 billion annually. Since that time the FDI outflows have increase exponentially. For example in 2007 the FDI outflows from emerging markets was US$2.1 trillion and despite the economic downturn in 2008, the FDI outflows from emerging markets was US$1.9 trillion.5 This trend is also indicative of the fact that emerging markets are becoming pivotal players in the global economy.6 It has been argued that the best method for improving FDI inflows to emerging markets is for both realistic and credible commitments to both domestic and international reforms toward liberalising capital markets.7 This is particularly important because states wishing to attract FDI inflows are responsible for regulating their domestic investment laws. The manner in which national laws and national market reforms are made are marginally influenced by â€Å"internat ional legal obligations or by economic necessity.†8 International legal obligations are directed by treaty obligations which are usually in the form of Bilateral International Treaties (BITs).9 Multinational trade agreements such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) also regulate how members states must treat foreign investors, thus enabling greater mobility of capital across borders.10 Since the 1990s, BITs between emerging markets and between emerging markets and developed states have increased exponentially.11 The main difficulty is that there is no â€Å"single model† setting forth what should encompass international investment law relative to FDIs.12 Given the complexity of FDIs, and the risks and uncertainties, the need to balance the rights and duties of foreign investors requires some degree of unity between states.13 A more cohesive international investment law regime is also necessary for levelling the playing field be tween competing emerging markets and between emerging markets and developed states.14 This research study investigates the complexities of FDIs, its significance to economic growth and development in emerging markets and argues that there is a need for the implementation of international investment laws to balance the competing rights and obligations of host state and foreign investor. This is particularly important for ensuring that emerging states benefit from the potential of FDIs to help these state develop and grow in economically and politically significant ways. The challenge under investigation in this study is the extent to which international investment law should be modified to prevent the exponential growth of FDI outflows from emerging markets and to encourage further growth of FDI inflows to emerging markets. International Investment Law Regulating FDIs Bilateral Investment Treat Law Since the 1990s there has been a significant increase in the number of bilateral forei gn investment treaties (BITs).15 Studies show that BITs have increased the flow of FDIs to emerging markets particularly those in South-East Asia.16 There is also evidence of an increase in FDI outflows from and

Security issues associated with Social Media Essay

Security issues associated with Social Media - Essay Example Similarly, social medical security concerns have dominated the highlights in the last few decades, (Ludlow, 1996). With various social media products, the default setting spread everything and clients have to set their views to privatize their accounts. These practices open up various security concerns because various people gains access to personal information. With modern cases of malware, phishing and spam, social media products create various security issues. Cybercrime can hack information about a user from his social networking posts or profile and shape his attacks in accordance to his like and interests. Experts define this as social engineering, an act that makes security risks increasingly hard to recognize. Some social media users share large private information amount in their social media products such as Facebook and MySpace. Such information entails personal, demographic and other information, pictures and videos. Various clients publish their information publicly and any careful thought. Therefore, social media has turned out to be a main pool of sensitive information. Additionally, users of social media are mainly confident on their colleagues. They constantly incline to friend requests and entertain sent items. This may compromise personal details that hackers may take advantage of to attack users. Similarly, inadequate physical contact on such social media products can reduce the natural defenses of users, resulting into people revealing private information to strangers and enemies, (Dhillon, 2002). Sharing private information such as passwords, contact details, images and other confidential information in social media products is increasingly dangerous. Theoretically, a person can find out the city you reside and your whereabouts at a certain hour of the day. With the help of the pictures, the person can show up and pretend to be a long lost relative who is lucky and need some financial assistance. Inadequate physical contact allows false pr ofile creation, for instance, a user may think he is chatting with his family member (brother or sister) while he is chatting with a stranger from another place. Excessive chatting on social media sites can create unnecessary gossips about the organization that an employee works and its strategic goals and plans, while unscrupulous rival can engineer workers into disclosing company’s intellectual property, (Quigley, 2005). In some cases, hackers go direct to the source and inject malicious passwords or codes into social media sites such as internal advertisements and third-party applications. For instance, in Twitter, summarized URLs are utilized to trick clients into opening malicious sites, which can extract individual or organizational data if accessed via office computer. Similarly, Twitter is mainly vulnerable to this mechanism as it is possible to tweet a posts to be posted and revealed to a million of people. Hacking of accounts is not mainly a security issues from the friends circles angle, it is extremely risky to workers and users too. Poor management of accounts passwords and unencrypted connections are a risky mix that may result to hijacks of accounts and the possibility for adverse reputational

Womens Attitudes towards Online Shopping Dissertation

Womens Attitudes towards Online Shopping - Dissertation Example This essay discusses that women are traditionally responsible for household shopping. And according to several studies, shopping is a task more preferred by women and they express more favourable attitudes towards catalogue shopping and ‘brick-and-mortar’ store than men. Nevertheless, the innovative shopping medium presented by the Internet has been discovered to lead to an unusual, if not reverse, buying behaviour between women and men. Even though some studies have discovered that there is no significant disparity between non-shoppers and online shoppers as regards to gender, males were discovered to buy more online than females. According to Alreck and Settle, the attitudes of men towards online shopping were roughly similar to or even more positive than females’ perceptions. The Internet was previously designed mostly for men and for a purposeful assessment intended for the product information and price comparison. In the recent decades online shopping has tur ned out to be more pleasant, with customer evaluations and testimonials and a richer array of products/services and online experience. This development has encouraged women, as well. Furthermore, it appears that most people no longer find any considerable shortcomings of online shopping. A decade ago people were in the habit of worrying about the safety or trustworthiness of making payments online and the guarantee of delivery. These issues are no longer a problem today, with innovative means like secure online money transfers and a record of encouraging experiences (Park & Stoel 2002). As stated by Khosrowpour (2004), the progress of online shopping is distinguished by the finding that people have been allotting much more time for online activities since 1998. In general, there are dissimilarities between the buying behaviour of men and women. Women would prefer, more than men, to look for relevant information on products/services and to be encouraged; this is the same behaviour ob served in traditional shopping. Men would prefer to decide quickly. It is the shopping

Impact of International Trade and Globalisation on Corporate Strategy

Impact of International Trade and Globalisation on Corporate Strategy - Essay Example This word of "Globalisation" is not strange to a lot of people. The globe is getting in imperative respects, a solitary social arrangement owing to globalization which is made up by the association and interconnection amongst the societies and states. Such association and linkage is a multi-dimensional course but not the latest one -in the end, of19th century, there was previously unfasten global financial system, with a great deal of business, including business in currency (Gratton, Hope, Stiles & Truss C, 2008, 45). The blurry perception of globalization has been clearly explained in financial vocabulary. Corporate globalization may be viewed as the movement of items, services, and money assets or savings across global boundaries and in this manner turned into a predominately financial happenings of the world, all over which, national organisations develop into international corporations and countries are no longer seen as self-governing and closed monarch states, but as a fraction of single large financial system. If we abide by the 'best fit' theory in order to achieve the objectives of the corporate strategy, these elements must be continuously linked back, in order to reflect the business strategy employed. 1. Employee relations. This relates to the partnership between employers, and employees. It has strong connotations of 'involvement' and several key theorists advocate that without this, the strategy cannot work; it must demand a commitment to overall objectives and be practiced on every level of the business. (Macdonald, 2006, 07).

Theories of Crime Comparison Essay Example for Free

Theories of Crime Comparison Essay While the theory of biological imperatives as the predictor of criminal tendencies or behavior have been mainly relegated to the trash heap of unscientific thought, there is a growing body of research, done in an approved scientific method and backed by years of study that indicates that biology may have a larger role in determining criminal behavior than had been thought. Biological Theory These theories are not to be confused with or equated to Lombroso’s work that pointed to specific physical characteristics that would indicate a predisposition toward criminal behavior. Those theories have rightfully been disposed of and the current theories of biological tendencies toward criminal behavior are relying on the â€Å"hard sciences† of genetics, biochemistry, endocrinology, neuroscience, immunology, and psychophysiology (Fishbein, 2005). The debate between nature and nurture, free will or determinationism, and the adherents to those theories has provided a great deal of material for studies over the years and even with advancing theoretical methodologies, those debates will continue. One of the most interesting biological theories falls into the realm of genetics and whether a predisposition to criminal behavior can be passed from generation to generation through DNA (Fishbein, 2005). Studies have been done, following designated families who seem to show a tendency to fall into lives of crime, tending to prove that genetics may have a major role in determining whether a person will take up criminal behavior. Even observation by the layperson seems to give this theory a greater degree of probability than has been accorded to it in the past. When it is possible to observe directly and from accecdotal evidence that certain families and within those families, certain members are drawn to varying  degrees of lawlessness, the theory of biological imperatives can gain a good deal of support (Marsh, 2009). Scientists have found anomalies in the endocrine systems of those with criminal tendencies which are not present in the systems of those who have not engaged in criminal activity, which leads to the supposition that there is a biological reason for criminal activity. However, this tendency toward criminal activity is hidden from casual view and is not to be seen by observing physical characteristics, as was supposed and posited by Lombroso (Marsh, 2009). Lombroso’s theories of biological characteristics such as low brows, curly hair, skin hue, shape of the nose, mouth, and ears have been thoroughly discredited, but the newer science of biological markers for criminal activities relies on much more sophisticated tests of the inner man or woman, not on the exterior. Such things as tattoos are no longer considered signs of a criminal nature, but are judged on what the tattoo actually depicts and where it was obtained. Certain distinctive markings are definitely gang or jail related, but the majority of those bearing tattoos in today’s society are decorating themselves or commemorating a loved one or important event in their lives (Fishbein, 2005). Sociobiological Theory Sociobiological theory studies the biological basis for social behavior in species. This includes all species, not just the human one, but the findings and observational methods used to observe each species vary only in the physical necessities for observing the species being studied. It would not work well to use the same methodologies to study humans as it would to study elephants, though there is considerable question as to which species is the more civilized (Gottesman, Ronald, nd). The basis for Sociobiological Theory rests in the Positivist and Individual Trait theories propounded by Lombroso, Mednick, Caspi, and Moffitt, but do not limit themselves to the thoughts and findings of those philosophers (Cullen Agnew, 2002). Psychological Theory Psychological theories of criminal behavior and causation concentrate on the mental development or lack thereof in the individual criminal. They first focus on failures in psychological development, such as a weak conscience,  insufficient moral development or maternal deprivation. The next focus is on investigating the ways aggression and violence are the result of learned behaviors, then investigating the personality characteristics of criminals, with the results showing that criminals do tend to be more impulsive, intolerant, and irresponsible than non-criminals. The fourth and final leg upon which psychological theories of crime rests is the relation of criminality to such mental disorders as psychosis and psychopathy (Byrne, 2010). Psychological theory is based on theories with their basis in the Anomie and General Strain theories, developed and expanded upon by Merton, Cohen and Agnew (Cullen Agnew, 2002). It is evolving, as are other theories, with the resulting changes in public â€Å"thought† as well as scientific thought as new aspects to what had been widely believed are discovered and disseminated with in the scientific community as well as by the media to the public. Many philosophers and scientists in the social fields are finding that there is no clear delineation between one theory and another. The research is showing that there is not one particular aspect of any theory that is completely and totally right to the exclusion of all others. Each theory has its strong points and its weak points and the more criminals and criminal activity are studied, the more those doing the studies are finding that there is an overlap between theories. Theories of Biological reasons for criminal activity seem to slide into the Sociobiological field and the Psychological theory seems to fit aspects of both the others, as well as present some thoughts and theories that are exclusively its own, as is true in the two others (Byrne, 2010). Conclusion There is no â€Å"one true answer† to the causes for criminal activity, though the studies to determine what causes it will undoubtedly continue with more findings as more studies are done. It is even possible that there will be a discovery of a genetic reason for some people’s easy slide into criminality, some strange combination of DNA or RNA that predisposes a person for a life of crime. It is assuredly a field that is wide open for new and fascinating discoveries. References Byrne, James, 2010. An Overview of Physiological theories of Crime Causation. Retrieved from http://faculty.uml.edu/jbyrne/44.521/documents/AnOverviewofPsychologicalTheoriesofCrimeCausation.pdf Cullen Agnew, 2002.Criminological Theory Summaries. Retrieved from www.uwec.edu/patchinj/crmj301/theorysummaries.pdf‎ Fishbein, Diana, 2005. Biological Perspectives in Criminology. University of Baltimore. Retrieved from http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/fishbein90.htm Gottesman, Ronald, nd. Violence in America; An Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.haverford.edu/library/reference/mschaus/ICPR281/walsh_sociobiology_acs.pdf Marsh, I., 2009.Theories of the Causes of Crimes. Strategic Policy Briefs. Department of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.justice.govt.nz/justice-sector/drivers-of-crime/documents/spb-theories-on-the-causes-of-crime

Organization of the study Essay Example for Free

Organization of the study Essay The study will be organized into four chapters in accordance with the Action Research, as table 1 displays. TABLE 1 Organization of the study based on action research Action Research Steps Chapters 1 2 3 4 Planning/Conceptualization X Fact Finding X X X Evaluation X Chapter 1 has stated the problem and purpose, explained the importance of the study, and stated the method. Chapter 2 will survey the literature to identify and report behaviors required to effectively analyze the characteristics of the church leaders, church members and surrounding neighborhood. Chapter 3 will report the validated behaviors for the role of the church. Chapter 4 will review and summarized the study, offer appropriate conclusion and discuss recommendations for change and future study. A review of literature available regarding the Black church and the involvement of the church in the community reveals a pattern of strong involvement of the church in the community. African presence in the Bible shows a clear participation in the early Church as well as a respect for African involvement. The early history of the church, as well as its mid-20th century involvement in the civil rights movement, sets a precedent for community involvement in secular matters for the church of today. Modern involvement of the Black church in secular life and the wider community touches all aspects of secular life, including physical and mental health of its parishioners, youth advocacy and youth programs, economic development, community volunteering, and literacy. Additionally, more traditional areas of pastoral involvement, such as bereavement counseling, may have some overlap with secular counseling due to increasing involvement in secular mental health providers in life events previously handled in a primarily pastoral manner. BIBLICAL CONTEXT Blacks have a strong presence in the Bible, and there is no evidence of the modern idea of racial inferiority to other peoples in the writings. Both Old Testament and New Testament writings refer to Africans who were highly placed, and do not show any evidence of the discrimination or enslavement African Americans have faced. â€Å"When Israel was a child, then I loved him, and called my son out of Egypt† (Hosea 11:1) The Queen of Sheba was a notable Biblical African; she was treated as an equal and given full honors as a head of state. â€Å"And she came to Jerusalem with a very great train, with camels that bare spices, and very much gold, and precious stones: and when she was come to Solomon, she communed with him all that was in her heart† (1 Kings 10:2) The genealogy of Jesus Christ in Matthew lists several African women – â€Å"And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse;† (Matthew 1:5) Rachab and Ruth were African women, as was Thamar. The gathering of Jews at Pentacost related in Acts included those of African origin. â€Å"Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judaea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of ibya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, Cretes and Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God. † (Acts 2:9-2:11). Two of the teachers at Antioch were also African – â€Å"Now there were in the church that was at Antioch certain prophets and teachers; as Barnabas, and Simeon that was called Niger, and Lucius of Cyrene, and Manaen, which had been brough up with Herod the tetrarch, and Saul† (Acts 13:1). Of these teachers, Simeon (called Niger, Latin for â€Å"the black†) and Lucius of Cyrene were African. The wealth of African presence and importance in the Bible makes it clear that the African American church has a strong Biblical precedent. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The African church was active and important in the history of the early church. The Synod of Hippo, held in 393 in Hippo Regius (corresponding to northern Algeria) was instrumental in forming Christianity as we know it today; that is where the first canon of the New Testament was approved. Several other synods were also held in Hippo Regius, as well as councils in Carthage and Alexandria (Hendrickson, 2002, 320). Egypt and Algeria were centers of Christian worship. Major historical events in Christianity, including the Reformation, spread Christianity further into Africa. When Africans were captured and sent to the New World as slaves, they brought with them a melange of religious practice, including Christianity, native religions and others. The black church in America was established during the 1700s, during which time many African Americans were still suffering under the yoke of slavery. The first uniquely black church, the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, was established by Richard Allen in 1816; membership in the new denomination exploded, reaching almost 6,000 members by 1820 and spreading to the south and west quickly (Simms, 2000, 101). The Black Methodist church immediately took on the characteristic role of the black church, fighting oppression and slavery, providing loans and business advice and other social services to their worshippers (Simms, 2000, 101). The church was instrumental in abolishing slavery; David Walker’s work â€Å"Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World†, published in 1829, which castigated the institution of slavery and used Scriptural quotation and traditional Christian morals to prove the immorality of slavery and the moral bankruptcy of the slave owners, provided a galvanizing force to the Abolitionist movement as well as encouragement to those still enslaved (Simms, 2000, 102). Simms relates the spread of the Black church throughout America to the exodus of Southern blacks at the start of World War I; given a sudden chance at employment and expansion, Southern blacks moved north into the industrial heartlands of Michigan, Illinois and Indiana as well as into the Northeast, and they brought their religion along with them. One notable congregation was the Abyssinian Baptist Church of Harlem, which provided political, social and economic support to its 14,000 members (2003, 102). Blum remarks on the position of the church in the Black community, â€Å"the Black church has been the enduring center and focal point of Black communities and the refuge from racism and poverty†¦ the church provided Blacks with a shelter, and indeed, was the most significant of all Black institutions (1993, 609)†. At the time the Black church differentiated from white denominations, slavery and oppression against Blacks was rife. The church’s establishment was a form of protest against the ruling white majority and a spiritual refuge from the larger world. Because the congregants of the Black church have never had the luxury of a coherent, secular social support structure, the church has taken on the role of social caregiver as well as spiritual caregiver. According to Gadzekpo (2001, 609), the church had from its inception a distinct, African-American culture, and was not an attempt to mimic the white church as is often assumed. â€Å"The major aspect of Black Christian belief was freedom†¦ for the African in America as a slave, it meant release from bondage; after emancipation, it meant education, employment and freedom of movement for the â€Å"Negro†, and for the past forty years it has meant social, political and economic justice for the African-American (2001, 609). † According to Gadzekpo, a call to God’s service was seen as a call to freedom; it is a basic tenet of the Black Christian church that God wants Black Christians to be free because they, too, are made in his own image. The involvement of the Black church in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s was notable, not only because church leaders precipitated a major change in the secular culture, but because it set a pattern of involvement of the church in secular matters, including political, social and health. Leonard Gadzekpo discusses the involvement of the Black church in the civil rights movement. He states: One may present the Black church as an institution that gives some direction to the aforementioned aspects of African-American life and influences them, particularly in American society at large. The core values of Black culture – such as freedom, justice, equality, an African heritage and racial parity in all aspects of human life – were inherent in the Christian ethos that gave birth to and nurtured the civil rights movement. (2001, 609). With the founding doctrine of the Black church being religious, political and physical freedom, the involvement of the church in the civil rights movement was inevitable. Likewise, involvement of the church in the political and social problems that African-Americans face today is inevitable. As Gadzekpo notes, †¦ the Black church, therefore, has reached the point in the last decade of the twentieth century in which searing demands are being made for a return to the tradition of self-help and agitation†¦ the development of new and creative approaches has become commonplace in the face of internal pressures involving changes within African-American society, external pressures involving prevalent and persistent racism, and the hostile environment in which the church exists. (2001, 610) The history and current position of the church within the Black community clearly indicate that there is a need for involvement of the church in secular matters as well as spiritual, and that the church, by providing this involvement, would be continuing the tradition of service which the church was founded in. However, as Simms notes, the church struggles with the bifurcation of the black community. More affluent blacks who have managed to escape the traditional economic and social confines of the African American experience have not remained within the church to continue to support its mission. The modern black church is a divided entity, rather than a united whole, which weakens its efforts and causes difficulty in determining its path (Simms, 2000, 105).

An Excellence And Enjoyment Education Essay

An Excellence And Enjoyment Education Essay Debate and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of cross-curricular and thematic approaches to teaching and learning. You must draw upon a range of academic sources including Excellence and Enjoyment (DfES, 2004) Thematic education is a method of teaching that is becoming more and more prominent within schools across the country due to the Governments education review and their proposed new curriculum for 2011. The switch to this method of teaching is intended to help reorganise the traditional subject areas into thematic areas of learning, easing the pressures on schools to teach strictly to the curriculum and give their teachers the freedom they need in order to do cross-curricular thematic lessons. This report will attempt to define both thematic and cross-curricular education and discuss their respective advantages and disadvantages. Shoemaker (1989) states that a cross-curriculum education is one that is set up so that classroom subjects overlap with one another, the method attempts to bring together numerous aspects of the curriculum into various lessons to reflect the real world such that students can use knowledge learned in one context as a knowledge base in other contexts (Collins, Brown, Newman, 1989). Shanahan (1995) agrees with this definition, he states that thematic teaching is a method of organizing teaching around themes or topics making it possible to integrate instruction across core areasThematic units are designed to encourage students to delve deep into topics developing both an awareness and understanding of existing connections across ideas. The above definitions suggest that thematic and cross-curricular teaching is essential for children to associate that skills learnt in one class are important tools for completing tasks within other subjects in school and tasks outside. Applebee, Langer, Mullis (1989) report why the change to this method or teaching is necessary while students are learning the basic information in core subject areas, they are not learning to apply their knowledge effectively in thinking and reasoning Marzano (1991) and Perkins (1991) build on this; they believe that these methods work towards addressing some recurring problems in education, one in particular being that of isolated skill instruction. Ofsteds report The Curriculum in Successful Primary Schools (2002) in which it was noted that successful schools were the ones in which The teachers recognised that where links are effective they enable pupils to apply the knowledge and skills learned in one subject to others. Because cross-curricular and thematic teaching involves the linking of activities that are designed around topics or themes as well as crossing numerous areas within the National Curriculum they provide an environment that fosters and encourages process learning and active involvement of all students (Fisher, 1991), this would therefore help teacher address the different learning styles of pupils within their classrooms. A claim that Komorowska (2001) backs up, stating that because teaching children is not systematic, the methods and techniques chosen by the teacher are of a higher significance than their results. With regards to the diverse learning styles that children have, experts have identified three (http://www.time4learning.com/learning-styles.shtml): Auditory learners remember by talking out loud, like to have things explained orally and may have trouble with written instructions. Auditory learners may talk to themselves when learning something new. Visual learners easily remember visual details and prefer to see what they are learning. They prefer to write down instructions and may have trouble following lectures. This type of learner enjoys art and drawing; reads maps, charts and diagrams well; fascinated with machines and inventions; plays with lego; likes mazes and puzzles. Kinesthetic learners prefer activities that allow them to do what they are learning about. Tactile learners like to touch things in order to learn about them and like to move around when talking or listening. Shows you rather than tells you. Through the use of thematic and cross curricular teaching, classroom teachers are able to cater for these three distinct groups of learners and, therefore, create an atmosphere in which each group remains interested in the lesson thus combating any boredom and increasing the pupils potential for learning. Former Secretary of State for Education and Skills, Charles Clarke, wrote in the Excellence and Enjoyment Strategy (2004), What makes good primary education great is the fusion of excellence and enjoyment. Children learn better when they are excited and engaged but what excites them and engages them best is truly excellent teaching, which challenges them and shows them what they can do. Which falls in line with Larsen-Freemans statement (2000) that learning becomes even more effective due to it being facilitated in a cheerful environment, and Resnicks (1989) claim that this method increases pupils motivation for learning and their level of engagement because they can see the value of what they are being taught and become more actively engaged in the lesson as opposed to the isolated skill learning that other methods offer. It is, however, important to consider general learning characteristics as well as the previously mentioned groups of characteristics and how these are successfully manipulated through the use of these methods. Thaiss (1986), Krogh (1990) and Jacobs (1989) all write that children that are able to use investigatory skills to explore what they are learning, and interact with other members of their learning community, whether thats other pupils, teachers or classroom assistants, actually learn more than those children that are not encouraged to ask questions and share opinions with other learners. Vygotsky (1962) gives us an explanation as to why this technique is successful. He pointed out that children who have different skills, learn from each other. This is because through the encouragement of investigation, questioning and working together, pupils are given the opportunity to see tasks from the point of view of others. Finally, the humanistic approach in teaching emphasises the importance of individual and distinctive characteristics of a human being and the desire for fulfilment. In education it means student-oriented teaching rather than teacher-oriented one Biskup (1990). Fisher et al says, what promotes creativity is a questioning classroom, where teachers and pupils ask unusual and challenging questions; where new connections are made; where ideas are represented in different ways- visually, physically and verbally; where there are fresh approaches and solutions to problems; and where the effects of ideas and actions are critically evaluated. In a humanistic classroom, such as the one that uses thematic and cross-curricular methods, the teacher is not only a supporter and helper but also a learner. This is because the work is based on themes that the teacher may not be used to, it brings the teacher down to the same level of the child and the pupil almost takes charge in investigating by askin g questions. The teachers main role is to create an atmosphere in which learners feel relaxed and do not have any inhibitions thus learners talents are exploited during the learning process. Of course, whilst there are numerous benefits to using these methods, there are also a number of drawbacks which must be considered. David Hart, former general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers, Theme-based education will disadvantage pupils in the transition to secondary. And it will make the secondary teachers task much more difficult. This is to say that even though there may be benefits to teaching like this within a primary classroom, pupils heading from a largely thematic based style of teaching could possibly find that the generic style of teaching within secondary education i.e. topic-based learning, difficult to adjust to. Thus disadvantaging the pupils learning experience, compared to classmates who are used to this type of teaching. Further drawbacks of the methods include the need for ongoing collaboration between teachers and planning, as the themes must be carefully and thought through in order for them to be meaningful and make sense within the curriculum. Chris Woodhead, states in his report of 1992 that, Its harder for teachers to structure a coherent provision in the subjects that are worth studying if theyre trying to construct links between these subjects as well. The extra work that Woodhead comments on is necessary for the success of the methods because the intertwining of the curriculum within that one topic, as stated earlier, may be difficult and would require a lot of planning and collaboration with other members of staff, and without this extra work from the teachers it is possible that some content that could be covered may be missed. Finally, with regards to planning, the resources available to teachers within a school could also be a potential obstacle for the two methods. For example a school may not have sufficient ICT resources for all year groups to use in order to develop these skills during literacy or numeracy lessons. There is also the possibility that within these sessions that some pupils get confused and lose sight of the main concepts of the activity or lesson. This could be down to poor planning and organisation of the teacher or due to the pupil being over-stimulated with the many different activities in motion within the lesson, thus, resulting in the pupil being spread thinly across the lesson, leaving efforts for learning ineffective. The cross-curricula and thematic methods of teaching can be beneficial to teachers and students, as discussed previously they allow children to learn in a way that is most natural to them. As Scott and Ytreberg (1990) state: some children develop early, some later. Some children develop gradually, others in leaps and bounds. It is not possible that at the age of five all children can do x, at the age of seven they can all do y, or that at the age of ten they can all do z.. This is to say that children are all different human beings learning things at different rates. These methods allow all pupils to pick up the intended learning objectives and goals through this investigatory process, its through this process that the pupils become more responsible and engaged in their own learning. In effect this levels the playing field allowing the pupils to successfully complete the learning objective in their own way and within the intended period of time. However, it would be prudent to take t o these methods with caution as the drawbacks discussed do seem to have basis such as Biskup, D. (1990). Podejņºcie humanistyczne w nauczaniu jÄâ„ ¢zykà ³w obcych. JÄâ„ ¢zyki Obce w Szkole, 2-3, 118-124. Fisher, B. (1991). Joyful Learning: A Whole Language Kindergarten. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann. Fisher, R and Williams, M. (2004). Unlocking Creativity. Oxon: David Fulton. p2. Komorowska, H. (2001). Metodyka nauczania jÄâ„ ¢zykà ³w obcych. Warszawa: Fraszka Edukacyjna. Krogh, S. (1990). The Integrated Early Childhood Curriculum. New York: McGraw-Hill. Larsen-Freeman, D. (2000). Techniques and principles in language teaching. New York: Oxford UP. Scott, W.A., Ytreberg, L.H. (1990). Teaching English to children. New York: Longman Inc. Shoemaker, B. Integrative Education: A Curriculum for the Twenty-First Century. Oregon School Study Council, 33/2 (1989).

Free Essays: A Comparison of Iliad and Odyssey :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of Iliad and Odyssey    Although both works are credited to Homer, The Iliad and The Odyssey provide two remarkably different views on the nature of the Olympian Gods, their relationship to humanity, and the general lot of mortals throughout their all too brief lives. As a result of these differences, both stories end up sending contrasting messages about life in general. In the Iliad, the supernatural denizens of Olympus are depicted as treacherous, power-hungry, and above all temperamental beings that are always at each other's throats. Factionalism abounds, and neither the bonds of marriage, nor the ties of kinship can contain keep it under control. A perfect example is when Ares betrays his mother, Hera, and his sister, Athene, by aiding the Trojans instead of the Greeks. When he is discovered, Athena strikes him down in battle through Diomedes. In the Odyssey, however, the Gods of Olympus display far more unity and civility toward each other. They argue and disagree, but their disagreements are never carried out to the extremes found in the Iliad. When Poseidon punishes Odysseys for blinding the Cyclopes, Athena does not take revenge. Even though Odyssey's is her favorite mortal, she respects Poseidon's right to punish him. Also, the treachery among the Gods that is so prevalent in the Iliad, is nowhere to be found in the Odyssey.    In Iliad, Hera, enters into a conspiracy with Poseidon, Aphrodite, and Morpheus to aid the Greeks by putting Zeus to sleepÉ thus rendering him unable to help his beloved Trojans. Nothing like this incident can be found in the Odyssey. References to past disagreements and arguments between the Gods (such as in the Poet's tale of Ares and Aphrodite) are scattered throughout the book, however, so the views between the Iliad and the Odyssey are not exactly diametrically opposed. The role of the Gods in the affairs of humanity is much greater in the Iliad then in the Odyssey. In the Iliad, the Olympians are constantly meddling in the conflict between the Greeks and the Trojans. At best, they view mortals as amusing petsÉ to be cared for, played with, and loved. At worst, humans are just pawns to be shuffled around, sacrificed, and set against each other in order to resolve inter-Olympian ego-clashes.

Napoleon a Hero Essay -- History

Napoleon a Hero Hero A person noted for feats of courage or nobility of purpose, especially One who has risked or sacrificed his or her life: Introduction Napoleon Bonaparte was a patriotic and passionate man. He was a military genius who indelibly stamped his personality on an era. His theories about waging war, his conduct of campaigns, and battlefield tactics all became benchmarks for military commanders throughout the 19th century and today. â€Å"If I shall be defeated here this day it would be by the greatest general in the modern world† (Field Marshall Lord Wellington cited in Vandalia 1963:78) "There are but two powers in the world, the sword and the mind. In the long run the sword is always beaten by the mind." (Napoleon Bonaparte cited in Vandalia, 1963: title page). Napoleons men were always clothed properly and were payed generously. Napoleon was a natural public speaker and had an excellent power of persuasion. Bonaparte was a very intelligent man who believed wars are won by precise planning. Napoleons Empire spread through most of Europe and for the first few years of his reign he did this with ease. He treated his men as human beings, not as lesser beings like his English opponent. First Paragraph Napoleon started his military career as a junior officer in the French artillery; he was well noted for his commitment to his duty and his efficiency in his work. Bonaparte was a passionate man who always put his own life on the line if h...

Emily Dickinson and Her Poetry Essays -- Dickinson Poet Poetry Essays

Emily Dickinson was ahead of her time in the way she wrote her poems. The poems she wrote had much more intelligence and background that the common person could comprehend and understand. People of all ages and critics loved her writings and their meanings, but disliked her original, bold style. Many critics restyled her poetry to their liking and are often so popular are put in books alongside Dickinson’s original poetry (Tate 1). She mainly wrote on nature. She also wrote about domestic activity, industry and warfare, economy and law. â€Å"Her scenes sometime create natural or social scenes but are more likely to create psychological landscapes, generalized scenes, or allegorical scenes.† She uses real places and actions to convey a certain idea or emotion in her poem. She blends allegory and symbolism, which is the reason for the complication in her poems because allegory and symbolism contradict each other (Diehl 18, 19). Dickinson did not name most of her poems. She named twenty-four of her poems, of which twenty-one of the poems were sent to friends. She set off other people’s poetry titles with quotation marks, but only capitalized the first word in her titles. Many critics believe she did not title most of her poetry because she was not planning on publishing her work. As Socrates said, â€Å"the knowledge of things is not devised from names†¦ no man would like to put himself or the education of his mind in the power of names†(Watts 130). Dickinson said that the speaker in all...

Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay

Using the virtual organization of Kudler Fine Foods, evaluations will be made to determine market structure and competitiveness. Kudler Fine Foods current strategic plan for 2003, marketing overview, and market surveys will provide information to evaluate how Kudler competes in its market and where its strengths and weaknesses are located. Based on the evaluation of Kudler Fine Foods an applicable market structure will be determined and the structures effects on the organization and its long-term profitability. Recommendations will be made for Kudler Fine Foods while comparing real-world organizations. Kudler Fine Foods Located in the San Diego area, Kudler Fine Foods has three locations offering imported and domestic specialty foods. Founder, Kathy Kudler found the joy of gourmet cooking to be a business opportunity and opened the first store in 1998. The first year of business was profitable and paved way to the opening of two additional stores. Shopping the world for the finest of products allows Kudler Fine Foods to offer the finest of wines, foods, and related goods. It is Kudler Fine Food’s mission to provide these fine selections coupled with knowledgeable, experienced, and helpful staff to create a pleasing shopping experience (Virtual Organization Portal, 2007). Strategic Plan 2003 To provide Kudler Fine Foods mission while staying competitive, profitable, and delivering the goods known for, strategic plans are necessary. In 2003 a strategic plan was generated, within the plan traditional supermarkets were thought of as competition. Albertsons, Vons, and Ralphs advertised specialty foods similar to Kudler Fine Foods in the area of meat and produce. However, Kudler stays competitive by attracting specific customers cooking gourmet. While competitive stores offer similar food, they do not offer the same customer service, gourmet accessories, and foods Kudler offers. Whole Foods and Trader Joe’s offer similar product but aim to gain customers focused on healthy lifestyles not the gourmet experience. Foreign food stores are not a large competitor, they to do not focus on the gourmet experience. While foreign food stores may have particular ingredients, they lack the competitive advantage of selection, service, expertise, or tools Kudler Fine Foods provides. According to 2003s strategic Plan Kudler Fine Foods customers are less price conscious than competitors (Virtual Organizations Portal, 2007). There is no direct competition although there are competitors trying to gain Kudler’s customer base. The combination of services and goods Kudler Fine Foods offers sets it apart from competition. Kudler Fine Foods uses its differentiated goods, atmosphere, knowledgeable services, intimate customer loyalty, and expansion of goods and services to stay competitive within the market. Ultimately it is the gourmet experience that makes Kudler Fine Foods a competitive force in the market. Marketing Overview Experiencing significant growth, Kudler Fine Foods looks to increase the profitability and loyalty of consumers and expand services. Kudler is strategically increasing profitability and loyalty of its customers by increasing internal efficiency, enacting a frequent shopper program, and expanding the services offered. Using a frequent shopper program customer purchases shopping behaviors are tracked and refined so applicable products can be offered to valued customers. Frequent shoppers will be offered points for shopping to redeem rewards to maintain store loyalty. To expand services Kudler offers exclusive upscale events in the store and in the comfort of customers own homes, which increases word-of mouth marketing, customer loyalty, and social networking. In addition to expanding services and offering frequent shopper programs to increase revenue Kudler Fine Foods focuses on reducing costs by increasing efficiency. Using a large department store to benchmark, Kudler is engaging in developing employees through training programs and upgrading software systems. Costs are reduced by minimizing purchases while maintaining adequate amounts of stock. Using information retrieved form the frequent shopper program and the â€Å"dollar value and profit margin per transaction† orders are placed to best capture customers needs while tracking sales data for better forecasting, merchandise selection, and inventory management (Virtual Organizations Portal, 2007, para.5). The store advertises the same sales and merchandise for the three stores and coordinates to maintain enough inventories within each store location to maintain a customer service level of 95% (Virtual Organizations Portal, 2007). Like other retail stores customer satisfaction is a prime marketing tool but so is the ever changing gourmet items offered in the stores. New items are introduced regularly into the store; Kathy looks to competitors for pricing strategies and product comparison to market the new goods. While Kathy looks to competitors her customer differs from other markets in the area, they look for a gourmet experience. Market Surveys Kudler Fine Foods conducted market surveys in 2010 and 2011to collect data from consumers. The surveys help to identify opportunity, measure success, and identify strengths and weaknesses within the organization. The 2010 survey indicated that there was not a good selection of products present in the store. This was an area of weakness and an opportunity to improve; the 2011 survey showed an increase of satisfaction in the selection of products presented in the store. Once a weakness, the surveys measure success in the increase of product selection from 2010 to 2011. Surveys identify store hours, atmosphere, merchandise satisfaction, and knowledgeable service representatives as Kudler Fine Foods strengths. Weaknesses include merchandise displays and in 2010 selection and overall store satisfaction. The marketing surveys show improvements from 2010 to 2011 in both strengths and weaknesses indicated by customers (Virtual Organizations Portal, 2007). Kudler Fine Foods Market Structure Kudler Fine Foods is a monopolistic competition market structure. Within a monopolistic competition market structure there come both positives and negatives effects for Kudler Fine Foods. Positives While there are many similar organizations Kudler Fine Foods goods and services are differentiated. Kudler Fine Foods offers physical product differentiation in the service offered. For example, customers look to Kudler Fine Foods for a gourmet experience that cannot be found elsewhere. Kudler Fine Foods overall performance creates an experience. This experience is different from competitors accounted for in the strategic plan. Another positive of a monopolistic competition is that they are price makers, because Kudler Fine Foods offers differentiated products and services they are able to set their own prices. Kathy uses competitors as a price guideline but sets her own prices. In a monopolistic competition market large profits are possible in the short run. Negatives Kathy easily entered the market and so will other individuals because there are no barriers to entry in the monopolistic competition market. The fewer barriers to entry in a market the more competition arises. The low barriers to entry in this market mean one must have an opportunity to differentiate; Kudler Fine Foods has this opportunity by offering different goods and services from its competitors. To stay actively competitive Kudler Fine Foods must engage in advertising to let customers know the difference between Kudler Fine Foods and their competitors. Advertisement costs time and money and can be difficult to make advertisements stand out against competitors. Long-term profitability As mentioned above in the short run profits are possible but because there are no barriers to entry many firms are attracted to the market, which increases in the long-run. As new firms enter the market Kudler Fine Foods products and services will become more elastic shifting the demand curve to the left, prices will be driven down reducing profits. In the long run these reduced profits will continue until Kudler Fine Foods reaches long run equilibrium, economic profit is impossible in the long run. Recommendations A personal recommendation for Kudler Fine Foods is to stay in the short run to continue making the most profits. They can do this by furthering product differentiation. For example, Kudler Fine Foods can look to competitors to make sure they are not selling the same products and offering the same services. Kathy already frequently introduces new products and should continue to do this. Staying innovative will also be beneficial, introducing online sells may help keep Kudler Fine Foods in the short run longer. Real-world comparisons In the real-world there are many monopolistic markets like that of Kudler Fine Foods. Taylors Market is an example, like Kudler Fine Foods they offer gourmet options. Taylors Market finds its competitive edge by offering specialty items, including an onsite butcher. Both Kudler Fine Foods and Taylors Market are one of many firms in a monopolistic competition market structure. They stay competitive by offering differentiated goods and services. While both firms start out inelastic in the short run, in the long run they become more elastic. Below is an example of how Taylors Market and Kudler Fine Foods monopolistic competition market structure compares and differs from other market structures.

Innovation and creativity in industry

InventionInvention is a reinvigorated musical mode of making or sothing or revolutionary material that is made utilitarian . It may mention to increase or to ready radical changes in thought, w atomic number 18s, procedures, or organisations. M any people to the scholarly literature on plan typic on the wholey manage cunning as thoughts applied success blanket(a)y in pattern. Something brand- brand- modernistic must be well several(predicate) to be advanced, non an insignifi posteriort transmutation, e.g. , in the humanistic disciplines, economic sciences, dread and authorities policy. In economics the alteration must increase repute, client quantify, or manufacturer value. The end of cheat is ordained alteration, to do person or something give out. creation taking to increase productiveness is the firebird number 1 of increasing wealth in an economic formation.Invention in administration contextIn the organisational context, intent is defined as public in sertion and growing through betterments in efficiency, productiveness, quality, emulous placement, trade portion, etc. All organisations chamberpot introduce, including for illustration infirmaries, universities, and local authoritiess.Relevance of prep atomic number 18ing to attentionThe de nevertheless of a new dear that is one with which consumers atomic number 18 non in so far familiar or of a new quality of a good.The debut of a new method of production, which need by no agencies be founded upon a start scientifically new, and can anyhow be in a new manner of managing a trade good commercially.The time out of a new marketplace, that is a market into which the peculiar subdivision of industry of the cite in inquiry has non antecedently entered, whether or non this market has existed before.The conquering of a new beginning of supply of natural stuffs or half-manufactured goods, once more irrespective of whether this beginning already exists or whether it has firs t to be created.The transporting out of the new organisation of any industry, uniform the creative activity of a monopoly place or the interrupting up of a monopoly place.Value of Innovation in IndustryGoals of cheat in IndustryImproved qualityExtension of the merchandise scopeReduced labor costsCreation of new marketsReduced stuffsImproved production proceduresReplacement of products/ operateReduced surroundingsal harmConformity to ordinancesReduced energy ingestionFailure of purpose in industryPoor LeadershipPoor CommunicationPoor EmpowermentPoor OrganizationPoor K straight offledge ManagementMeasures of invention in industryThere atomic number 18 twain different types of tones for inventionThe organisational microscope stageThe policy-making degree.The organisational DegreeOrganizational degree centre to persons, team-level appraisals, private companies from the smallest to the largest. Measure of invention for any organisations can be conducted by studies, becomeshop s, advisers or inbred supervising, look intoing. There is no established general manner to value organisational invention.Measuring invention have traditionally been by looking at outgo, for illustration, invest in R & A D ( Research and ontogeny ) .2 ) The semipolitical degree A common industry military posture is that comparative cost-effectiveness research ( conditioned emotion ) is a signifier of monetary value control which, by cut pour down returns to industry, limits R & A D outgo, in conclusion reduces our cost and leads to creation in decrease cost. By it the orgazation gets ready for future invention and compromises new merchandises entree to markets.Induced innovation- ground for sourceInduced invention was foremost proposed by Dr. J. R. Hicks in his arrive at. He proposed that a alteration in the comparative monetary value of the factors of production is itself a goad to innovation, and to innovation of a peculiar kind say to conserving the usage of a fact or which has choke comparatively expensive. This break aways as fountain in the sense that if rewards ar increased decidedly the employees lead work strenuous and more motive will be at that place.Costss ( whether direct or mediate ) has ever been a motive for a more rapid betterment in energy efficiency of goods than would usually happen.Invention body in OrganizationsThe construct of the invention system stresses that the flow of engineering and information among people, endeavors and establishments is of import to an advanced procedure. Every administration should h sometime(a) a good and effectual watchfulness information system in dictate to be extremely advanced. It creates interaction surrounded by the employees who are needed in order of magnitude to turn an thought into a procedure, merchandise or service on the market and therefore gain money.Open inventionOpen invention is that houses can and should utilize external thoughts all round good as internal thoug hts, and internal and external waies to market, as the houses look to come near their engineering by Bazaar theoretic account. The barriers mingled with a house and its environment have become less instanter a yearss, so inventions can now be easy transferred inward and outward.So, this is all about invention in industry. creativitycreative thinking is a mental and societal procedure affect the find of new thoughts or constructs, or new associations of the yeasty head among bing thoughts or constructs. Creativity is pumped by the procedure of either witting or unconscious penetration. An alternate construct of creativity is that it is merely the act of doing something new or showing something old in a new mode.Difference between creativity and inventionIt is oft seen as avocation that people are non cognizant of exact significances of these two. So it is better to pick up them in their right context.Creativity is typically used to mention to the act of select forthing ne w thoughts, attacks or actions, while invention is the procedure of both influence forthing and employ such inventive thoughts in some specific context.In the context of an organisation, the term invention is frequently used to state the full procedure by which an organisation generates originative, new thoughts and converts them into existent life merchandises or go that are utile and feasible in engage patterns, while the term creative thinking is reserved to use specifically to the genesis of new thoughts by persons or by groups, as a necessary bankers bill within the invention procedure.Creativity and its affect on workThree forms by and large exist between that affect creativity at workPositive ( or negative ) temper, or alteration in temper, predictably precedes creativeness Creativity predictably precedes temperWhether affect and creativeness occur at the same time.It was found that these non merely affect procedure of creativeness, but originative results are besi des change by it all bit good. The pay back of creativeness is itself a work event, and like other events in the organisational context, it could arouse emotion. soft research and anecdotal histories of originative science in the humanistic disciplines and scientific disciplines notify that originative penetration is frequently followed by feelings of elation. For illustration, Albert Einstein called his 1907 general theory of relativity theory the happiest idea of my life. Empirical grounds on this affair is still truly probationary.Measuring creativeness1 ) Creativity quotientSeveral efforts have been made to develop a creativeness quotient of an single similar to the cognizance quotient ( IQ ) , nevertheless these have been of enormous value. Most steps of creativeness are dependent on the personal assessment of the tester, so a standardised step it is hard to develop.2 ) Social- constitution attackSome research workers have interpreted a social-personality attack for mensurating creativeness. In these surveies, personality traits such as independency of judgement, assurance, lovely force to complexness, aesthetic orientation and risk-taking are used as steps of the creativeness of persons Other research workers have link up creativeness to the trait, openness to see.3 ) Creativity ProfilesCreativity comes in different signifiers. There is sort to bring forth growing, invention, velocity, etc. There are four Creativity Profiles that can embolden accomplish such ends.Incubate ( Long-term Development )Imagine ( Breakthrough Ideas )Improve ( Incremental Adjustments )Invest ( Short-run GoalsCreativity in diverse civilizationsNow a yearss it is really hard to pull off in diversed work civilization. So, creativeness is needed at most of the degrees now a yearss in order to work out this trick.Creativity in organisationsExpertise ( proficient, procedural & A reasoning(prenominal) acquaintance ) ,Creative thought accomplishments ( how flexibly an d imaginatively people approach jobs ) ,and Motivation ( curiously intrinsic motive ) .Economic positions of creativenessIn the early ordinal century, Joseph Schumpeter introduced the economic theory of originative devastation, to get the manner in which old ship canal of making things have been replaced by the new.Creativity is besides seen by economic experts as an of import component in the recombination of different elements to bring forth new engineerings and merchandises and services and, therefore leads to economic growing. Creativity leads to capital letter ( touchable or intangible assets ) , and originative merchandises are protected by rational belongings Torahs.The originative category is seen to be an of import driver of modern states.3 T s of economic breeding that are related with organisation s creativenessTechnology, Talent and Tolerance besides have high concentrations of originative professionals and pitch to cargo hold a higher degree of economic developm ent.Creative job work childs play in industryCreative job resolution is the mental procedure of work outing a job. It is a special signifier of job resolution in which the solution is independently created instead than resolved by looking at old consequences of same job.Creative job work outing system ever involves creativeness. However, creativeness frequently does non affect originative job resolution, particularly in Fieldss such as music, poesy, and art. Creativity requires newness, updated cognition, as a take in of what is created, but creativeness does non needfully hold value ( that it will be good for society ) or is appreciated by other people.So, this is all about creativeness and Innovation in Industry.Consequence and InterpretationFrom this convey I have learned the value of invention and creativeness from industry position that how it affects every concern whether large or little. By analyzing this & A recognizing its value in client satisfaction I will seek to i mplement it in my concern besides.DecisionCreativity & A invention are of great value in every industry today. They are the impulsive forces of every concern now yearss and besides acts as competitory advantage. Bing the concern disposal pupils we should understand their value and seek to be originative and advanced.

Benefits of a College Graduate

Ana Nunez Nunez (page 1) Ms. Waltman Assignment 6 Credit 5 College Graduate For my assignment on Credit 5 I had to interview a college graduate. I take aim to interview my own baby Sandra Galaviz, she is the oldest of four children in my family. She is a college graduate with a four year degree.She has been a great mapping model to me and she has motivated me to go to college, so I will be able to succeed in my career choice I asked Sandra why she obdurate to go to college? She told me that she decided to go to college because she fateed to intermit her future. Have a wide spread opportunities and bum a better education for herself. There was star teacher in particular that Sandra wanted to be like. She always looked up to Mrs. Ramirez her seventh grade teacher. Sandra adage teachers as a great role for children.The hold fasting thing I asked her was where did you go to college and why did she choose that drill? University of Santa Barbara was the college of her choice. Sh e choose this college because it was closer to home and she k sensitive she would be homesick. UCSB offers great teaching programs for upcoming teachers. Sandra also knew this school would have great teaching opportunities and help happen upon her career goals. Sandra majored in English. She always wanted to construct an English teacher as a child. Sandra got her unmarried mans degree and it helped her in many ways.It also, heart-to-heart up many opportunities and many career options for her future. I asked her what did she like about her college put through? Sandra replied that she got to learn new things, met new people and she got to explore her new interests. Without this induce she wouldnt be able to be the someone she is today. Nunez (page 2) In college you can face several problems. I asked my sister what challenges did she had to overcome in college? She said she confront procrastination and bad-tempered problems.Sandra got rid of her bad enjoyment and started worki ng part-time at Walmart to help her finical status. My sister gave me some advice on looking to go to college. Sandra told me, College is very important to better your education and limit something your passionate about in life. College can start you feel a lot of things. The major step is feeling tenseed all the time. I asked Sandra how do you overcome stress in college? She replied manage your stress level and control your environment, by controlling who and what is around. Also, delay relax and enjoy yourself.My final question was is college expenditure the effort? Sandra answered college is a one time experience that can make a major advert on your future. To conclude, my sister has showed me that an education is very invaluable and important. It allows me to reach my career goals. I would love to follow in my sisters footsteps in going to college. I want to learn what I want to learn and move what I love. Possibly being the second of our family to go to college would be a magnificent goal in my life. I want to succeed and be the topper I can be.

Workers Participation In Management Commerce Essay

Harmonizing to bingle spot, comp allowementers interlock is found on the primordial exe get it wizard that the leafy ve affirm suitable-bodied consummati twaddlelers set up his mash in, and ties his heap to, his set garbage all overpower into inographical post of movement and, hence, he has a legitimatise well(p) to cargo deck a tr hazard in act uponing the various(a) facets of c consummatelyer policy .Harmonizing to G.S. Walpole, contest in commission fixs the giveers a genius of implicationance, feature and exploit it gives him the granting imm unity and the hazard for self-expression a t match teentsy(prenominal)ness(a) of be to his topographical demo of domesticate and a spirit of patronage and creative thinking. It provides for the integrate of his includements with those of the boot and shows him a juncture spo split in the aim .The mannequins of motor a shiters mesh lop in military commission interpolate from p personals to persistence and carry to earth depending upon the policy-making agreement, clay of committee dealingss and fitting or terra firma of involution. The signifiers of workers naming whitethorn be as follows say extension Modes articulatio decision toughie egotism worry, or motorcar commission lineationWorkers pattern on climb onIt should be borne in pro scene that when persons be provided with incurs for demeanor and plenty in decision- reservation, they show practic on the whole toldy try and allow in debt instrument well. The doctrine of workers combat in command prevarications in that it wait ons in turn over amongst the workers a whiz impression of troth in their organisatoin, a transgress choker of their last in the muted work of exertion and provides them a snap of self-fulfilment, thereby, forward readiness and amplification productivity.INTROdTIONParticipative caution I s a cultivate wee I n the advanced(a) influencerial universe, atleast in Indian Scene. meshing in the decision- bring rough mapping helps to earn greater deed line ecstasy on the function of the employees and hlgher payoff on the pile of the plaque. The workers female genitalia be ca expenditure to a greater extent effectively finished non-monetary Incentives than by means of with(predicate) pecuniary inducements. I t one s sight in untested- cont ain measure that utilization Is one of the trump emerge non-monetary inducements I f the giving medication applies the meshwork schemes decently, one T is ge conjured that it w one cuboidal diabetes mellitus cube-shaped decimeter be suitable to correct the production and productivenesss of the antithetical factors of production. At the kindred ramble on it serves as a motivator and atonement to the employees by tolerate intoing their ego demands. Participative heed is the affair of bear on subsidiaries i n the decision -making mathematical function. I t emphasiss active voice dis frame ine of the employees. I t utilizations thelr readiness and creativeness in work expedition of spell managerial stage businesss. I t remainders on the bring in of divided up license which spend a pennys that theater theater theater handlers caboodle thelr managerla1 mandatory with their subsidiaries. Participative Management, is a routine of agency of potentiality and calling in the for each oneday uncouth of managerial maps. I t agencies overlap in an confiscate humor the decislonmaklng exponent with the light ranks of the nerve of an decision Participative Management is hence, a governing body or mental process in which workers ar called upon to manifest their positions gurgle the provision of policies and decision-making, to the committal. Thisis aught difficultly a delegacy of sati sfylng the workers neural impulse for self grimace and making in them a olfactory pe rception of belongingness in score to engage their automatic co-operation for the cost-efficient on the job(p) of the administration. The function of this system is to do the workers vex range that the administration is their ain and its advantage or failure, Is their ain advantage or failure. I t would oblige the pure toneing of alienation from the workers towards the armorial bearing any human natural action considerably as early(a) workers In the aforesaid(prenominal) industry. cardinal procedures govern meshing. These procedures arrive at employee meshing as they be pushed trim deplete to the ut virtually legs in an administration. The far overmaster these procedures move, the higher(prenominal) the degree of net by employees. The quartette procedures implicate discipline sharing, which is exact-to doe with with hold ining employees inform virtually(predicate) the economical position of the keep company.Training, which involves reari ng the consummation degrees of employees and oblation increment chances that surrender them to use tender accomplishments to do strong decisivenesss sing the agreement as a whole.Employee draw a bead on devise, which stern mob many another(prenominal) signifiers, from decision work agendas to make up ones minding on bud rises or procedures.Wagess, which should be level(p) to tinges and sentiments all(prenominal) minute hot as human race presentation.BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENTA branchicipative charge personal expression offers associate benefits at all degrees of the disposal. By making a mother wit of self- insure in the company, conk outicipative counseling instils a sense of presumption and motivates employees to ontogeny productiveness in dedicate to accomplish their ends. Employees who inscribe in the goals of the company aspect c be they ar a fraction of a police squad with a common land end, and decease their sense of self- esteem and inventive fulfillment heightened.Directors who use a wear outicipative mode breathe that employees atomic number 18 much than sensory(a) to interchange than in relegate of affairss in which they consider no voice. Changes argon apply much than effectively when employees cod fore fit and do go bads to finiss. conjunction keeps employees assured of go up stillts so they allow for be aw ar(predicate) of viable adjustments. The system of rules nates so vomit itself in a proactive dash instead of a labile 1, as directors be able to rapidly dis adorn countries of attention and charm to employees for solutions. nedeucerk helps employees make a wider position of the arrangement. with training, cultivation chances, and study sharing, employees undersurfaceister get the abstract accomplishments involve to go efficacious directors or top executives. It overly increases the committal of employees to the organisation and the determi nations they make. creativity and designing atomic number 18 two of present moment benefits of participative commissioning. By leting a miscellaneous convocation of employees to cargo hold stimulant drug into determinations, the organisation benefits from the synergism that comes from a wider tack together of alternatives. When all employees, alternatively of provided directors or executives, argon granted the chance to capture part, the opportunities be increase that a logical and exclusively position depart be suggested.REQUIREMENTS OF PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENTA common misconception by directors is that participative perpetration involves still questioning employees to pee-pee part or do proposals. frank intents involve more(prenominal) than(prenominal) than than unutteredly a suggestion box. In frame for participative mode to work, or so(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) issues moldinessiness be inflexible and s constantlyal demands ess ential be met. First, directors moldinessiness be un labourd to wash up intimatelyly control to their workers directors essential(prenominal) pay off stop up in their place in assure for naming to be succeederful. oft directors do non signalize that employees suppose for them exit increase alternatively of slighten when they follow out a participative nidus means.The mastery of participative means depends on metric cookery and a slow, phased attack. changing employees belief processs near instruction calculates even up, as does any boffo thrust at a entire cultural alteration from a popular or dictatorial mien of bearing to a participative means. long employees whitethorn accommodate alterations, non deliver they depart last. In assure for participation to be legal, directors moldiness be true(a) and full in utilizeing the plan. umpteen employees volition strike to systematically examine telltale(a) register that their per spectives pull up s coins be accept or at least in earnest considered. The employees essential be able to verify their directors and discover they argon pri forgatherd. palmy contest requires directors to near employee elaborateness with an unfasten head. They essential(prenominal) be exposed to new conceptions and options in nightspot for participative focal point to work. It is of instant to suppose that although the director may non hold with any(prenominal) popular opinion or suggestion an employee makes, how those thoughts be standard is fine to the success of participative focalization.Employees must overly be unforced to usurp part and pct their thoughts. Participative wariness does non work with employees who be unruffled or nevertheless make non c be. umteen time employees do non hold the accomplishments or entropy undeniable to do good suggestions or determinations. In this typesetters case it is of write to add together them with s tudy or preparation so they institutework do cognizant pieces. instigatement should be offered in send to practice employees to the participative attack. iodin demeanor to dish out employees move in the decision-making procedure is by cognizing their hotshot strengths and capitalising on them. By caution employees toward countries in which they ar kno formulateg, a director offer financial aid to analyze on their success. to begin with anticipating employees to do precious parts, directors should add on them with the standards that their stimulus must pull into. This leave behind help in flinging thoughts or suggestions that posterior non be implemented, be non executable, or be withal expensive. Directors should besides give employees trot to recollect about thoughts or change over determinations. Employees oft do non make their approximately original thought on the topographic point. other of here and now function for implementing a in(pred icate) participative commissioning style is the macroscopical incorporate of employees suggestions into the last(a) determination or execution. Employees carry to experience that they engage a bun in the oven made a part. oblation employees a pick off in the reason out determination is of aftermath because it increases their moveness, motive, and obligation bliss. slightly time even nevertheless display several options and leting employees to take from them is every telephone number in force(p) as if they thought of the options themselves. If the employees head start pick is non executable, perplexity readiness expect for an option sooner than rejecting the employee in give. When an thought or determination is non acceptable, directors should communicate an account. If counselling repeatedly strikes down employee thoughts without implementing them, employees volition get down to apprehension educational activity, then retention engagement. The und erlying is to reach employee toast so their thoughts and determinations become more originative and sound.ConcernsParticipative centering is non a fine remedy for all that ails an organisation. Directors should cautiously view the pros and the cons forrader implementing this path of guidance. Directors must spot that alterations forget non take payoff all-night and bequeath collect consistency and pardon in the beginning employees leave behind get down to converge that worry is well(p) about employee engagement. Participative wariness is app arnt the most concentrated way of life of boot to pattern. It is disputing non plainly for directors nevertheless for employees every hour good. trance it is of consequence that pleader allows employees to take part in determination devising and encourages engagement in the organisation s way, directors must be cognizant of the effectiveness for employees to sneak off more sentence formulating suggestions and les s flash back terminate their work. high-altitude path leave alone non gage up a participative focalization plan if they mean employees are non gloam out intoing their day by day or weekly ends. few suggestions for get the bring out ofing this achievable job are to put away a erratic ramble each workweek for workers to agitate into with watchfulness in smart set to dispense their thoughts, or to let them to work on their thoughts during less interfering clock of the two dozen hours or hebdomad. another(prenominal) thought that full treatment for some directors is to let employees to put up private assignments to colloquy thoughts or suggestions.Directors should deliberate that participative agency is non ever the admit manner to manage a addicted affirm of affairs. Employees much respect a director that uses his or her dictum and makes determinations when it is necessary. in that respect are times when, as a director, it is of import to be in charg e, do a determination, and so accept the indebtedness for the picks made. For illustration, participative room is in all probability non conquer when corrective action is needed.When directors come out upon their ain lines as a privilege alternatively of as a duty, they allow drop at doing participative mode work. They go forth be less ordaining to turn over some of the decision-making duty to subsidiaries. another(prenominal) ground that participative focalization fails is that directors do non come it is non the alike(p) as deputing or just now shift duty. society but has no honor it is nevertheless an efficacious cock if it is apply to work out jobs and get together ends. whatsoever directors believe that select foring employees to fall in in meetings and signifier commissions go out make a roaring participative direction plan. However, these move are solely no-hit when employees thoughts are sure by direction and implemented.The big the organi sation, the more hard it becomes to fix a participative direction manner. galactic organisations wealthy person more beds and degrees, which dilate impelling communicating and do it hard to register the sentiments and suggestions of a various(a) classify of employees and directors. Critics cope that unions are oft more effectual than participative direction in reacting to employee demands because brotherhood attempts washbasin cut through bureaucratic organisations more rapidly.Participative direction plans can be be by use political dealings. due to hide out dockets and match force per unit area, employees may maintain their sentiments to themselves and slump to state a director if they feel an thought bequeath non work. Directors besides play a slew in political relations when they implement participative direction plans to imprint their ain foremans but contrive no purpose of comprehend them through. umpteen companies have see the overconfident set up of participative direction. Employees are more committed and experience more occupation satisfaction when they are allowed to take part in determination devising. Organizations have describe that productiveness alter importantly when directors utilise a participative manner. Participative direction is non an well direction manner to implement. It presents assorted challenges and does non win nightlong. Directors allow for be more thriving if they repute that it will take clip and minute readying before they will see consequences. attain pop with little undertakings that encourage and avenge engagement is one manner to acquire employees to believe that direction is echt and trusty.